Home ScanProsite ProRule Documents Downloads Links Funding
PROSITE documentation PDOC00172

Thioredoxin family active site signature and domain profile

Description:

Thioredoxins [1,2,3,4] are small proteins of approximately one hundred amino-acid residues which participate in various redox reactions via the reversible oxidation of an active center disulfide bond. They exist in either a reduced form or an oxidized form where the two cysteine residues are linked in an intramolecular disulfide bond. Thioredoxin is present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and the sequence around the redox-active disulfide bond is well conserved. Bacteriophage T4 also encodes for a thioredoxin but its primary structure is not homologous to bacterial, plant and vertebrate thioredoxins.

A number of eukaryotic proteins contain domains evolutionary related to thioredoxin, most of them are protein disulfide isomerases (PDI). PDI (EC 5.3.4.1) [5,6,7] is an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of disulfide bonds in various proteins. The various forms of PDI which are currently known are:

  • PDI major isozyme; a multifunctional protein that also function as the β subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.2), as a component of oligosaccharyl transferase (EC 2.4.1.119), as thyroxine deiodinase (EC 3.8. 1.4), as glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (EC 1.8.4.2) and as a thyroid hormone-binding protein !
  • ERp60 (ER-60; 58 Kd microsomal protein). ERp60 was originally thought to be a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C isozyme and later to be a protease.
  • ERp72.
  • P5.

All PDI contains two or three (ERp72) copies of the thioredoxin domain.

Bacterial proteins that act as thiol:disulfide interchange proteins that allows disulfide bond formation in some periplasmic proteins also contain a thioredoxin domain. These proteins are:

  • Escherichia coli dsbA (or prfA) and its orthologs in Vibrio cholerae (tcpG) and Haemophilus influenzae (por).
  • Escherichia coli dsbC (or xpRA) and its orthologs in Erwinia chrysanthemi and Haemophilus influenzae.
  • Escherichia coli dsbD (or dipZ) and its Haemophilus influenzae ortholog.
  • Escherichia coli dsbE (or ccmG) and orthologs in Haemophilus influenzae, Rhodobacter capsulatus (helX), Rhiziobiacae (cycY and tlpA).

The pattern we developed is directed against the two cysteines that form the redox-active bond. We also developed a profile that covers the whole domain.

Last update:

December 2007 / Profile added and text revised.

Technical section:

PROSITE methods (with tools and information) covered by this documentation:

THIOREDOXIN_2, PS51352; Thioredoxin domain profile  (MATRIX)
Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the profile: ALL
Other sequence(s) detected in Swiss-Prot: NONE.
• Domain architecture view of Swiss-Prot proteins matching PS51352
PS51352
• Retrieve an alignment of Swiss-Prot true positive hits:
  Clustal format, color, condensed view  / Clustal format, color  / Clustal format, plain text  / Fasta format
• Retrieve the sequence logo from the alignment
• Taxonomic tree view of all Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL entries matching PS51352
• Retrieve a list of all Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL entries matching PS51352
• Scan Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL entries against PS51352
• view ligand binding statistics
Matching PDB structures: 1A23 1A24 1A2J 1A2L ... [ALL]
THIOREDOXIN_1, PS00194; Thioredoxin family active site  (PATTERN)
Consensus pattern: [LIVMF]-[LIVMSTA]-x-[LIVMFYC]-[FYWSTHE]-x(2)-[FYWGTN]-C-[GATPLVE]-[PHYWSTA]-C-{I}-x-{A}-x(3)-[LIVMFYWT]
The 2 C's form the redox-active bond
Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL. for Haemophilus influenzae dsbC, Escherichia coli dsbG and two others
Other sequence(s) detected in Swiss-Prot: NONE.
• Retrieve an alignment of Swiss-Prot true positive hits:
  Clustal format, color, condensed view  / Clustal format, color  / Clustal format, plain text  / Fasta format
• Retrieve the sequence logo from the alignment
• Taxonomic tree view of all Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL entries matching PS00194
• Retrieve a list of all Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL entries matching PS00194
• Scan Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL entries against PS00194
• view ligand binding statistics
Matching PDB structures: 1A23 1A24 1A2J 1A2L ... [ALL]

References:

1 AuthorsHolmgren A.
TitleThioredoxin.
SourceAnnu. Rev. Biochem. 54:237-271(1985).
PubMed ID3896121
DOI10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.001321
2 AuthorsGleason F.K., Holmgren A.
TitleThioredoxin and related proteins in procaryotes.
SourceFEMS Microbiol. Rev. 4:271-297(1988).
PubMed ID3152490
3 AuthorsHolmgren A.
TitleThioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems.
SourceJ. Biol. Chem. 264:13963-13966(1989).
PubMed ID2668278
4 AuthorsEklund H., Gleason F.K., Holmgren A.
TitleStructural and functional relations among thioredoxins of different species.
SourceProteins 11:13-28(1991).
PubMed ID1961698
5 AuthorsFreedman R.B., Hawkins H.C., Murant S.J., Reid L.
TitleProtein disulphide-isomerase: a homologue of thioredoxin implicated in the biosynthesis of secretory proteins.
SourceBiochem. Soc. Trans. 16:96-99(1988).
PubMed ID3371540
6 AuthorsKivirikko K.I., Myllyla R., Pihlajaniemi T.
TitleProtein hydroxylation: prolyl 4-hydroxylase, an enzyme with four cosubstrates and a multifunctional subunit.
SourceFASEB J. 3:1609-1617(1989).
PubMed ID2537773
7 AuthorsFreedman R.B., Hirst T.R., Tuite M.F.
TitleProtein disulphide isomerase: building bridges in protein folding.
SourceTrends Biochem. Sci. 19:331-336(1994).
PubMed ID7940678

Copyright:

PROSITE is copyright. It is produced by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB). There are no restrictions on its use by non-profit institutions as long as its content is in no way modified. Usage by and for commercial entities requires a license agreement. For information about the licensing scheme send an email to license@isb-sib.ch or see: http://www.expasy.org/prosite/prosite_license.htm.

Miscellaneous:

View entry in original PROSITE document format
View entry in raw text format (no links)