{PDOC51032} {PS51032; AP2_ERF} {BEGIN} ************************** * AP2/ERF domain profile * ************************** Ethylene is an endogenous plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. Some defense related genes that are induced by ethylene were found to contain a cis-regulatory element known as the Ethylene- Responsive Element (ERE) [1]. Sequence analysis on various ERE regions identified a short motif rich in G/C nucleotides, the GCC-box, essential for the response to ethylene. This short motif is recognized by a family of transcrition factors, the ERE binding factors (ERF) [2,3]. ERF proteins contain an about 60 amino acid region which is also found in the APETALA2 (AP2) protein, the AP2/ERF domain [4]. It has been shown in various proteins that the AP2/ERF domain is necessary and sufficient to bind GCC-box [5]. The structure of the AP2/ERF domain in complex with the target DNA has been solved (see ) [6]. The structure resemble that of bacteriophage integrases and the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) (see ): a three-stranded beta-sheet and an alpha helice almost parallel to the beta-sheet. It contacts DNA via Arg and Trp residues located in the beta- sheet. Some proteins known to contain an AP2/ERF domain are listed below: - Arabidopsis thaliana ERF1 to 6. - Tobacco ethylene-responsive element-binding proteins (EREBPs), homologues of ERFs proteins. - Arabidopsis thaliana AP2 protein. It regulates meristeme identity, floral organ specification and seed coat development. - Arabidopsis thaliana C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element (DRE) binding factor 1 (CBF1 or DREB1) and DREB2. They bind a GCC-box-like element found in dehydratation responsive element. Binding to this element mediates cold-inducible transcription. - Arabidopsis thaliana and maize abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive 4 (ABI4) proteins. They bind to a GCC-box-like element found in ABA-responsive genes. - Octadecanoid-derivative responsive catharenthus AP2-domain (ORCA2) protein. It binds a GCC-box-like element in the jasmonate responsive element of Str promoter. - Tomato Pto-interacting proteins 4 to 6 (Pti4 to Pti6). Pti5 and 6 bind a GCC-box-like element in regulatory regions of various pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. - Trichodesmium erythraeum, Tetrahymena thermophila, Enterobacteria phage RB49 and bacteriophage Felix 01 HNH endonucleases. HNH endonucleases are homing endonucleases that move extensively via lateral gene transfer [7]. The profile we developed covers the whole AP2/ERF domain. -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the profile: ALL. -Other sequence(s) detected in Swiss-Prot: NONE. -Last update: November 2004 / First entry. [ 1] Broglie K.E., Biddle P., Cressman R., Broglie R. "Functional analysis of DNA sequences responsible for ethylene regulation of a bean chitinase gene in transgenic tobacco." Plant Cell 1:599-607(1989). PubMed=2535512; DOI=10.1105/tpc.1.6.599 [ 2] Ohme-Takagi M., Shinshi H. Plant Cell 7:173-182(1995). [ 3] Fujimoto S.Y., Ohta M., Usui A., Shinshi H., Ohme-Takagi M. "Arabidopsis ethylene-responsive element binding factors act as transcriptional activators or repressors of GCC box-mediated gene expression." Plant Cell 12:393-404(2000). PubMed=10715325 [ 4] Weigel D. "The APETALA2 domain is related to a novel type of DNA binding domain." Plant Cell 7:388-389(1995). PubMed=7773013; DOI=10.1105/tpc.7.4.388 [ 5] Hao D., Ohme-Takagi M., Sarai A. "Unique mode of GCC box recognition by the DNA-binding domain of ethylene-responsive element-binding factor (ERF domain) in plant." J. Biol. Chem. 273:26857-26861(1998). PubMed=9756931 [ 6] Allen M.D., Yamasaki K., Ohme-Takagi M., Tateno M., Suzuki M. "A novel mode of DNA recognition by a beta-sheet revealed by the solution structure of the GCC-box binding domain in complex with DNA." EMBO J. 17:5484-5496(1998). PubMed=9736626; DOI=10.1093/emboj/17.18.5484 [ 7] Magnani E., Sjolander K., Hake S. "From endonucleases to transcription factors: evolution of the AP2 DNA binding domain in plants." Plant Cell 16:2265-2277(2004). PubMed=15319480; DOI=10.1105/tpc.104.023135 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE is copyrighted by the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License, see https://prosite.expasy.org/prosite_license.html -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- {END}