{PDOC51055} {PS51055; ITAM_1} {PS51056; ITAM_2} {BEGIN} *********************** * ITAM motif profiles * *********************** Signal transduction by T and B cell antigen receptors and certain receptors for Ig Fc regions involves a conserved sequence motif, termed an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). It is also found in the cytoplasmic domain of apoptosis receptor. Phosphorylation of the two ITAM tyrosines is a critical event in signal transduction. All (p)2ITAMs, but not their nonphosphorylated counterparts, induced extensive protein tyrosine phosphorylation in permeabilized cells. After binding of the ligand, via SH2 domain (see ), phosphorylation of the two conserved tyrosines of ITAM creates binding sites for downstream signaling molecules and thus enables the initiation of signalling events. This phosphorylation was found to reflect activation of the src family kinase Lyn and Syk. Different ITAMs may preferentially activate distinct signaling pathways as a consequence of distinct SH2 effector binding preference [1,2]. Furthermore, in viruses, ITAMs may play key roles in viral pathogenesis by regulating viral clearance, immune cell activation, immune cell recruitment through binding of cellular kinases and thereby down regulate their function [3]. This motif can be found in one to three copies and in association with the Ig- like domain (see ). Proteins currently known to contain an ITAM motif are: - Mammalian alpha and beta immunoglobulin proteins, TCR gamma receptors, FCR gamma receptors subunits, CD3 chains receptors and NFAT activation molecule. - Hantavirus cytoplasmic elements [3]. Two profiles were developed for this motif. The first one picks up mammalian ITAM while the second one is specific to hantavirus ITAM motif. -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the profile: ALL. -Other sequence(s) detected in Swiss-Prot: NONE. -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the profile: ALL. -Other sequence(s) detected in Swiss-Prot: NONE. -Note: The ITAM motif is also found in some strains of simian immunodeficiency virus, the GP30 of bovine leukemia virus, the LMP2A of the Epstein-Barr virus, and the K1 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus but the low conservation of the motif in this viral species do not permit us to match them [3,4]. -Note: This motif has been variably referred in the literature as the TAM, ARH1, ARAM, YXXL and Reth motif, leading to great confusion [5]. -Last update: January 2005 / First entry. [ 1] Johnson S.A., Pleiman C.M., Pao L., Schneringer J., Hippen K., Cambier J.C. "Phosphorylated immunoreceptor signaling motifs (ITAMs) exhibit unique abilities to bind and activate Lyn and Syk tyrosine kinases." J. Immunol. 155:4596-4603(1995). PubMed=7594458 [ 2] Pitcher L.A., van Oers N.S. "T-cell receptor signal transmission: who gives an ITAM?" Trends Immunol. 24:554-560(2003). PubMed=14552840 [ 3] Geimonen E., LaMonica R., Springer K., Farooqui Y., Gavrilovskaya I.N., Mackow E.R. "Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome-associated hantaviruses contain conserved and functional ITAM signaling elements." J. Virol. 77:1638-1643(2003). PubMed=12502882 [ 4] Willems L., Gatot J.S., Mammerickx M., Portetelle D., Burny A., Kerkhofs P., Kettmann R. "The YXXL signalling motifs of the bovine leukemia virus transmembrane protein are required for in vivo infection and maintenance of high viral loads." J. Virol. 69:4137-4141(1995). PubMed=7769672 [ 5] Cambier J.C. "New nomenclature for the Reth motif (or ARH1/TAM/ARAM/YXXL)." Immunol. Today. 16:110-110(1995). PubMed=7888063 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROSITE is copyrighted by the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License, see https://prosite.expasy.org/prosite_license.html -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- {END}