{PDOC51884}
{PS51884; CHAPLIN}
{BEGIN}
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* Chaplin domain profile *
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Streptomycetes differentiate   by  forming  specialized  spore-bearing  aerial
hyphae that   grow   into   the   air.  In  order  to  break  surface  tension
streptomycetes have  to  coat  their aerial hyphae in an extremely hydrophobic
sheath that is absent from the vegetative hyphae growing in the aqueous phase.
The hydrophobic  sheath,  which  permits  the  aerial hyphae to escape surface
tension and  likely  also prevents their desiccation in air, is made up of two
families of   proteins,   the  chaplins,  for  coelicolor  hydrophobic  aerial
proteins, and the rodins. The chaplins are surface-active proteins that can be
divided into  two  classes:  the  short  chaplins  and  the long chaplins. The
chaplins share  a  highly  conserved,  hydrophobic  domain of ~40 amino acids,
termed the  chaplin  domain,  and all have an N-terminal Sec secretion signal.
The short chaplins have one chaplin domain, whereas the long chaplins have two
chaplin domains  and  a  C-terminal  'sorting  signal'  that  targets them for
covalent attachment  to  the  cell wall by sortase enzymes. The chaplins self-
assemble via  their chaplin domains into amyloid-like filaments on the surface
of the aerial hyphae and spores [1,2,3].

There is  no  obvious pattern to the distribution of the hydrophobic residues,
but there  are  three  absolutely  conserved  GN motifs, spaced 12-13 residues
apart, which  may  contribute  to  the  structure  of these domains. Secondary
structure analysis  predicts  the  chaplin  domains to be rich in beta-sheets,
with the  GN  residues  falling  at the turns separating the individuals beta-
sheets [2].

The profile we developed covers the entire chaplin domain.

-Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the profile: ALL.
-Other sequence(s) detected in Swiss-Prot: NONE.
-Last update: January 2019 / First entry.

[ 1] Claessen D., Rink R., de Jong W., Siebring J., de Vreugd P.,
     Boersma F.G.H., Dijkhuizen L., Woesten H.A.B.
     "A novel class of secreted hydrophobic proteins is involved in aerial
     hyphae formation in Streptomyces coelicolor by forming amyloid-like
     fibrils."
     Genes Dev. 17:1714-1726(2003).
     PubMed=12832396; DOI=10.1101/gad.264303
[ 2] Elliot M.A., Karoonuthaisiri N., Huang J., Bibb M.J., Cohen S.N.,
     Kao C.M., Buttner M.J.
     "The chaplins: a family of hydrophobic cell-surface proteins involved
     in aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces coelicolor."
     Genes. Dev. 17:1727-1740(2003).
     PubMed=12832397; DOI=10.1101/gad.264403
[ 3] Bibb M.J., Domonkos A., Chandra G., Buttner M.J.
     "Expression of the chaplin and rodlin hydrophobic sheath proteins in
     Streptomyces  venezuelae is controlled by sigma(BldN) and a cognate
     anti-sigma factor, RsbN."
     Mol. Microbiol. 84:1033-1049(2012).
     PubMed=22582857; DOI=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08070.x

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