PROSITE documentation PDOC00243Endothelin family signature
Endothelins (ET's) are a family of potent mammalian vasoconstrictor peptides [1,2,3]. Sarafotoxins (SRTX) and bibrotoxin (BTX) are cardiotoxins from the venom of snakes of the Atractaspis family, structurally and functionally [4,5] similar to endothelin. The peptides currently known to belonging to the ET/SRTX family are:
- Endothelin 1 (ET-1).
- Endothelin 2 (ET-2) which is also known in mouse as Vasoactive Intestinal Contractor (VIC).
- Endothelin 3 (ET-3).
- Sarafotoxins SRTX-A, -B, -C and -D from Atractaspis engaddensis.
- Bibrotoxin (BTX) from Atractaspis bibroni.
As shown in the following schematic representation, these peptides which are 21 residues long contain two intramolecular disulfide bonds.
+-------------+
| |
CxCxxxxxxxCxxxCxxxxxx
| |
+-------+
'C': conserved cysteine involved in a disulfide bond.
As a signature pattern for this family of proteins, we have taken the conserved residues in the disulfide loops region.
Note:In addition to endothelin, the precursors of ETs contain an endothelin- like domain which is also detected by this pattern.
Note:The precursor of sarafotoxins is a large protein that contains 12 copies of various isoforms of the toxin [6].
Last update:May 2004 / Text revised.
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PROSITE method (with tools and information) covered by this documentation:
| 1 | Authors | Yanagisawa M. Masaki T. |
| Title | Molecular biology and biochemistry of the endothelins. | |
| Source | Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10:374-378(1989). | |
| PubMed ID | 2690429 |
| 2 | Authors | Simonson M.S. Dunn M.J. |
| Title | Cellular signaling by peptides of the endothelin gene family. | |
| Source | FASEB J. 4:2989-3000(1990). | |
| PubMed ID | 2168326 |
| 3 | Authors | Rubanyi G.M. Parker Botelho L.H. |
| Title | Endothelins. | |
| Source | FASEB J. 5:2713-2720(1991). | |
| PubMed ID | 1916094 |
| 4 | Authors | Kloog Y. Sokolovsky M. |
| Title | Similarities in mode and sites of action of sarafotoxins and endothelins. | |
| Source | Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10:212-214(1989). | |
| PubMed ID | 2549664 |
| 5 | Authors | Sokolovsky M. |
| Title | Endothelins and sarafotoxins: physiological regulation, receptor subtypes and transmembrane signaling. | |
| Source | Trends Biochem. Sci. 16:261-264(1991). | |
| PubMed ID | 1656557 |
| 6 | Authors | Ducancel F. Matre V. Dupont C. Lajeunesse E. Wollberg Z. Bdolah A. Kochva E. Boulain J.C.C. Menez A. |
| Title | Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding precursors of sarafotoxins. Evidence for an unusual 'rosary-type' organization. | |
| Source | J. Biol. Chem. 268:3052-3055(1993). | |
| PubMed ID | 8428983 |
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