PROSITE documentation PDOC00259

Cysteine proteases inhibitors signature

Inhibitors of cysteine proteases [1,2,3], which are found in the tissues and body fluids of animals, in the larva of the worm Onchocerca volvulus [4], as well as in plants, can be grouped into three distinct but related families:

• Type 1 cystatins (or stefins), molecules of about 100 amino acid residues with neither disulfide bonds nor carbohydrate groups.
• Type 2 cystatins, molecules of about 115 amino acid residues which contain one or two disulfide loops near their C-terminus.
• Kininogens, which are multifunctional plasma glycoproteins. They are the precursor of the active peptide bradykinin and play a role in blood coagulation by helping to position optimally prekallikrein and factor XI next to factor XII. They are also inhibitors of cysteine proteases. Structurally, kininogens are made of three contiguous type-2 cystatin domains, followed by an additional domain (of variable length) which contains the sequence of bradykinin. The first of the three cystatin domains seems to have lost its inhibitory activity.

In all these inhibitors, there is a conserved region of five residues which has been proposed to be important for the binding to the cysteine proteases. Our pattern starts one residue before this conserved region.