PROSITE documentation PDOC00401

Dihydroorotase signatures

Dihydroorotase (EC 3.5.2.3) (DHOase) catalyzes the third step in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine, the conversion of ureidosuccinic acid (N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate) into dihydroorotate. Dihydroorotase binds a zinc ion which is required for its catalytic activity [1].

In bacteria, DHOase is a dimer of identical chains of about 400 amino-acid residues (gene pyrC). In higher eukaryotes, DHOase is part of a large multi-functional protein known as 'rudimentary' in Drosophila and CAD in mammals and which catalyzes the first three steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis [2]. The DHOase domain is located in the central part of this polyprotein. In yeasts, DHOase is encoded by a monofunctional protein (gene URA4). However, a defective DHOase domain [3] is found in a multifunctional protein (gene URA2) that catalyzes the first two steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis.

The comparison of DHOase sequences from various sources shows [4] that there are two highly conserved regions. The first located in the N-terminal extremity contains two histidine residues suggested [3] to be involved in binding the zinc ion. The second is found in the C-terminal part. We developed signature patterns for both regions.

Allantoinase (EC 3.5.2.5) is the enzyme that hydrolyzes allantoin into allantoate. In yeast (gene DAL1) [5], it is the first enzyme in the allantoin degradation pathway; in amphibians [6] and fishs it catalyzes the second step in the degradation of uric acid. The sequence of allantoinase is evolutionary related to that of DHOases.