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PROSITE documentation PDOC00119
Glycosyl hydrolases family 22 (GH22) domain signature and profile


Description

α-lactalbumin [1], a milk protein, is the regulatory subunit of lactose synthase. In the mammary gland, α-lactalbumin changes the substrate specificity of galactosyltransferase from N-acetylglucosamine to glucose.

Lysozymes (EC 3.2.1.17) [2] act as bacteriolytic enzymes by hydrolyzing the β(1->4) bonds between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in the peptidoglycan of prokaryotic cell walls. There are at least five different classes of lysozymes [3,4]: C (chicken type), G (goose type), phage-type (T4), fungi (Chalaropsis), and bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) but there are few similarities in the sequences of the different types of lysozymes.

α-lactalbumin and lysozyme C are evolutionary related [5] and form family 22 in the classification of glycosyl hydrolases [6,E1]. Around 35 to 40% of the residues are conserved in both proteins as well as the positions of the four disulfide bonds (see the schematic representation). The pattern for this family of proteins includes three cysteines involved in two of these disulfide bonds (the first cysteine is linked to the third one).

                                  +-------+
                                  |     **|*******
     xxCxxxxxxxxxxCxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxCxxxxxCxCxxxxxxCxxxxxxxxxCxxxCxx
       |          |                     +--------+         |    |
       |          +----------------------------------------+    |
       +--------------------------------------------------------+
'C': conserved cysteine involved in a disulfide bond.
'*': position of the pattern.

We also developed a profile that covers the entire glycosyl hydrolases family 22 domain.

Last update:

August 2019 / Text revised.

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Technical section

PROSITE methods (with tools and information) covered by this documentation:

GLYCOSYL_HYDROL_F22_2, PS51348; Glycosyl hydrolases family 22 (GH22) domain profile  (MATRIX)

GLYCOSYL_HYDROL_F22_1, PS00128; Glycosyl hydrolases family 22 (GH22) domain signature  (PATTERN)


References

1AuthorsHall L. Campbell P.N.
TitleAlpha-lactalbumin and related proteins: a versatile gene family with an interesting parentage.
SourceEssays Biochem. 22:1-26(1986).
PubMed ID3104032

2SourceConcise Encyclopedia Biochemistry, Second Edition, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin New-York (1988).

3AuthorsWeaver L.H. Grutter M.G. Remington S.J. Gray T.M. Isaacs N.W. Matthews B.W.
SourceJ. Mol. Evol. 21:97-111(1985).

4AuthorsKamei K. Hara S. Ikenaka T. Murao S.
TitleAmino acid sequence of a lysozyme (B-enzyme) from Bacillus subtilis YT-25.
SourceJ. Biochem. 104:832-836(1988).
PubMed ID3148618

5AuthorsNitta K. Sugai S.
TitleThe evolution of lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin.
SourceEur. J. Biochem. 182:111-118(1989).
PubMed ID2731545

6AuthorsHenrissat B.
TitleA classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities.
SourceBiochem. J. 280:309-316(1991).
PubMed ID1747104

E1Titlehttps://www.uniprot.org/docs/glycosid



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