PROSITE documentation PDOC00126

Eukaryotic thiol (cysteine) proteases active sites

Eukaryotic thiol proteases (EC 3.4.22.-) [1] are a family of proteolytic enzymes which contain an active site cysteine. Catalysis proceeds through a thioester intermediate and is facilitated by a nearby histidine side chain; an asparagine completes the essential catalytic triad. The proteases which are currently known to belong to this family are listed below (references are only provided for recently determined sequences).

• Vertebrate lysosomal cathepsins B (EC 3.4.22.1), H (EC 3.4.22.16), L (EC 3.4.22.15), and S (EC 3.4.22.27) [2].
• Vertebrate lysosomal dipeptidyl peptidase I (EC 3.4.14.1) (also known as cathepsin C) [2].
• Vertebrate calpains (EC 3.4.22.52) (EC 3.4.22.53). Calpains are intracellular calcium-activated thiol protease that contain both a N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal calcium-binding domain.
• Mammalian cathepsin K, which seems involved in osteoclastic bone resorption [3].
• Human cathepsin O [4].
• Bleomycin hydrolase. An enzyme that catalyzes the inactivation of the antitumor drug BLM (a glycopeptide).
• Plant enzymes: barley aleurain (EC 3.4.22.16), EP-B1/B4; kidney bean EP-C1, rice bean SH-EP; kiwi fruit actinidin (EC 3.4.22.14); papaya latex papain (EC 3.4.22.2), chymopapain (EC 3.4.22.6), caricain (EC 3.4.22.30), and proteinase IV (EC 3.4.22.25); pea turgor-responsive protein 15A; pineapple stem bromelain (EC 3.4.22.32); rape COT44; rice oryzain α, β, and γ; tomato low-temperature induced, Arabidopsis thaliana A494, RD19A and RD21A.
• House-dust mites allergens DerP1 and EurM1.
• Cathepsin B-like proteinases from the worms Caenorhabditis elegans (genes gcp-1, cpr-3, cpr-4, cpr-5 and cpr-6), Schistosoma mansoni (antigen SM31) and Japonica (antigen SJ31), Haemonchus contortus (genes AC-1 and AC-2), and Ostertagia ostertagi (CP-1 and CP-3).
• Slime mold cysteine proteinases CP1 and CP2.
• Cruzipain from Trypanosoma cruzi and brucei.
• Throphozoite cysteine proteinase (TCP) from various Plasmodium species.
• Proteases from Leishmania mexicana, Theileria annulata and Theileria parva.
• Baculoviruses cathepsin-like enzyme (v-cath).
• Drosophila small optic lobes protein (gene sol), a neuronal protein that contains a calpain-like domain.
• Yeast thiol protease BLH1/YCP1/LAP3.
• Caenorhabditis elegans hypothetical protein C06G4.2, a calpain-like protein.

Two bacterial peptidases are also part of this family:

• Aminopeptidase C from Lactococcus lactis (gene pepC) [5].
• Thiol protease tpr from Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Three other proteins are structurally related to this family, but may have lost their proteolytic activity.

• Soybean oil body protein P34. This protein has its active site cysteine replaced by a glycine.
• Rat testin, a sertoli cell secretory protein highly similar to cathepsin L but with the active site cysteine is replaced by a serine. Rat testin should not be confused with mouse testin which is a LIM-domain protein (see <PDOC00382>).
• Plasmodium falciparum serine-repeat protein (SERA), the major blood stage antigen. This protein of 111 Kd possesses a C-terminal thiol-protease-like domain [6], but the active site cysteine is replaced by a serine.

The sequences around the three active site residues are well conserved and can be used as signature patterns.