PROSITE documentation PDOC00438

Ras GTPase-activating proteins (rasGAP) domain signature and profile

Ras proteins are membrane-associated molecular switches that bind GTP and GDP and slowly hydrolyze GTP to GDP [1]. This intrinsic GTPase activity of ras is stimulated by a family of proteins collectively known as 'GAP' or GTPase-activating proteins [2,3]. As it is the GTP bound form of ras which is active, these proteins are said to be down-regulators of ras. Proteins known to possess such activity are listed below:

• Mammalian GAP (p120GAP). GAP can down-regulate wild-type ras, but fails to do so with oncogenic, mutated ras.
• IRA1 and IRA2, the functional equivalents of GAP in yeast. They regulate the RAS-cyclic AMP pathway, controlling cell growth.
• sar1, the fission yeast protein that regulates ras1 in that organism.
• BUD2/CLA2, a yeast protein that activates BUD1/RSR1 and which participates in the regulation of bud-site selection [4].
• Neurofibromin (gene NF1) [5]. In Man, NF1 is associated with type 1 neurofibromatosis, one of the most frequently inherited genetic diseases characterized, in part, by multiple neural tumors. NF1 has been shown genetically and biochemically to interact with and stimulate the GTPase activity of h-ras.
• Drosophila Gap1 [6], which acts as a negative regulator of signalling by the Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase involved in eye development.
• Mammalian Gap1m [7], which is related to the drosophila Gap1 protein.
• Eukaryotic IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating proteins (IQGAPs). They belong to the class of multidomain scaffold proteins that play central roles in the assembly of protein complexes and signaling networks. Their rasGAP-related domain (GRD) lacks the catalytic arginine finger (see below) [8].

All the above proteins are quite large (from 765 residues for sar1 to 3079 residues for IRA2) but share only a limited (about 225 residues) region of sequence similarity, referred to as the 'catalytic domain' or rasGAP domain. The key residue for GAP-mediated catalysis is the so-called "arginine finger" [9].

The catalytic rasGAP domain contains eight α-helices, arranged such that the approximately antiparallel helices α6 and α7 which are connected by a large loop, form the bottom of a shallow groove on the surface of the protein (see <PDB:1WER>) [10].

The most conserved region within this domain contains a 15 residue motif which seems to be characteristic of this family of proteins [2]. A more sensitive detection of the rasGAP domain is available through the use of a profile which spans the whole catalytic domain.