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PROSITE documentation PDOC51923Coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein S2 subunit heptad repeat 1 (HR1) and 2 (HR2) regions profiles
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PURL: https://purl.expasy.org/prosite/documentation/PDOC51923
Coronaviruses (CoVs) [E1] are a diverse group of enveloped, plus-stranded RNA viruses that infect humans and many animal species, in which they can cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, central nervous system and neurological diseases of varying severity. A CoV contains four structural proteins, including spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Among them, the S protein, which is located on the envelope surface of the virion, functions to mediate receptor recognition and membrane fusion and is therefore a key factor determining the virus tropism for a specific species. This protein is composed of an N-terminal receptor-binding domain (S1) and a C-terminal trans-membrane fusion domain (S2) [1,2,3].
The S2 subunit contains two 4-3 heptad repeats (HRs) of hydrophobic residues, HR1 and HR2, typical of coiled coils, separated by an ~170-aa-long intervening domain. The S2 subunit is expected to present rearrangement of its HRs to form a stable 6-helix bundle fusion core [1,2,3].
HR1 forms a 24-turn α-helix, while HR2 adopts a mixed conformation: the central part fold into a nine-turn α-helix, while the residues on either side of the helix adopt an extended conformation. The HR1 region forms a long trimeric helical coiled-coil structure with peptides from the HR2 region packing in an oblique antiparallel manner on the grooves of the HR1 trimer in a mixed extended and helical conformation (see <PDB:2BEZ>). Packing of the helical parts of HR2 on the HR1 trimer grooves and formation of a six-helical bundle plays an important role in the formation of a stable post-fusion structure. In contrast to their extended helical conformations in the post-fusion state, the HR1 motifs within S2 form several shorter helices in their pre-fusion state [1,2,3].
The profiles we developed cover the entire CoV S2-HR1 -HR2 regions.
Last update:April 2020 / First entry.
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PROSITE methods (with tools and information) covered by this documentation:
| 1 | Authors | Supekar V.M. Bruckmann C. Ingallinella P. Bianchi E. Pessi A. Carfi A. |
| Title | Structure of a proteolytically resistant core from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S2 fusion protein. | |
| Source | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101:17958-17963(2004). | |
| PubMed ID | 15604146 | |
| DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0406128102 |
| 2 | Authors | Zhang W. Zheng Q. Yan M. Chen X. Yang H. Zhou W. Rao Z. |
| Title | Structural characterization of the HCoV-229E fusion core. | |
| Source | Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 497:705-712(2018). | |
| PubMed ID | 29458023 | |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.136 |
| 3 | Authors | Yan L. Meng B. Xiang J. Wilson I.A. Yang B. |
| Title | Crystal structure of the post-fusion core of the Human coronavirus 229E spike protein at 1.86 angstroem resolution. | |
| Source | Acta Crystallogr. D. Struct. Biol. 74:841-851(2018). | |
| PubMed ID | 30198895 | |
| DOI | 10.1107/S2059798318008318 |
| E1 | Title | https://viralzone.expasy.org/30?outline=all_by_species |
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