PROSITE documentation PDOC00125

Serine proteases, subtilase family, active sites signatures and domain profile

Subtilases [1,2,3] are an extensive family of serine proteases which occur in Archaea, Bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and higher eukaryotes. Their catalytic activity is provided by a charge relay system similar to that of the trypsin family of serine proteases but which evolved by independent convergent evolution. The sequence around the residues involved in the catalytic triad (aspartic acid, serine and histidine) are completely different from that of the analogous residues in the trypsin serine proteases and can be used as signatures specific to that category of proteases. The subtilase catalytic domain forms the peptidase family S8 of clan SB [4,E1].

The subtilase family currently includes the following proteases:

• Subtilisins (EC 3.4.21.62), these alkaline proteases from various Bacillus species have been the target of numerous studies in the past thirty years.
• Alkaline elastase YaB from Bacillus sp. (gene ale).
• Alkaline serine exoprotease A from Vibrio alginolyticus (gene proA).
• Aqualysin I from Thermus aquaticus (gene pstI).
• AspA from Aeromonas salmonicida.
• Bacillopeptidase F (esterase) from Bacillus subtilis (gene bpf).
• C5A peptidase from Streptococcus pyogenes (gene scpA).
• Cell envelope-located proteases PI, PII, and PIII from Lactococcus lactis.
• Extracellular serine protease from Serratia marcescens.
• Extracellular protease from Xanthomonas campestris.
• Intracellular serine protease (ISP) from various Bacillus.
• Minor extracellular serine protease epr from Bacillus subtilis (gene epr).
• Minor extracellular serine protease vpr from Bacillus subtilis (gene vpr).
• Nisin leader peptide processing protease nisP from Lactococcus lactis.
• Serotype-specific antigene 1 from Pasteurella haemolytica (gene ssa1).
• Thermitase (EC 3.4.21.66) from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris.
• Calcium-dependent protease from Anabaena variabilis (gene prcA).
• Halolysin from halophilic bacteria sp. 172p1 (gene hly).
• Alkaline extracellular protease (AEP) from Yarrowia lipolytica (gene xpr2).
• Alkaline proteinase from Cephalosporium acremonium (gene alp).
• Cerevisin (EC 3.4.21.48) (vacuolar protease B) from yeast (gene PRB1).
• Cuticle-degrading protease (pr1) from Metarhizium anisopliae.
• KEX-1 protease from Kluyveromyces lactis.
• Kexin (EC 3.4.21.61) from yeast (gene KEX-2).
• Oryzin (EC 3.4.21.63) (alkaline proteinase) from Aspergillus (gene alp).
• Proteinase K (EC 3.4.21.64) from Tritirachium album (gene proK).
• Proteinase R from Tritirachium album (gene proR).
• Proteinase T from Tritirachium album (gene proT).
• Subtilisin-like protease III from yeast (gene YSP3).
• Thermomycolin (EC 3.4.21.65) from Malbranchea sulfurea.
• Furin (EC 3.4.21.75), neuroendocrine convertases 1 to 3 (NEC-1 to -3) and PACE4 protease from mammals, other vertebrates, and invertebrates. These proteases are involved in the processing of hormone precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues [5].
• Tripeptidyl-peptidase II (EC 3.4.14.10) (tripeptidyl aminopeptidase) from Human.
• Prestalk-specific proteins tagB and tagC from slime mold [6]. Both proteins consist of two domains: a N-terminal subtilase catalytic domain and a C- terminal ABC transporter domain (see <PDOC00185>).

The subtilase catalytic domain consists of a highly twisted seven-stranded parallel β-sheet, flanked on both sides by α helices (see <PDB:2PMW>) [7,8].