PROSITE documentation PDOC00691

Cyclic nucleotide-binding domain signatures and profile

Proteins that bind cyclic nucleotides (cAMP or cGMP) share a structural domain of about 120 residues [1,2,3]. The best studied of these proteins is the prokaryotic catabolite gene activator (also known as the cAMP receptor protein) (gene crp) where such a domain is known to be composed of three α-helices and a distinctive eight-stranded, antiparallel β-barrel structure. Such a domain is known to exist in the following proteins:

• Prokaryotic catabolite gene activator protein (CAP).
• cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cAPK and cGPK). Both types of kinases contains two tandem copies of the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain. The cAPK's are composed of two different subunits: a catalytic chain and a regulatory chain which contains both copies of the domain. The cGPK's are single chain enzymes that include the two copies of the domain in their N- terminal section. The nucleotide specificity of cAPK and cGPK is due to an amino acid in the conserved region of β-barrel 7: a threonine that is invariant in cGPK is an alanine in most cAPK.
• Vertebrate cyclic nucleotide-gated ion-channels. Two such cations channels have been fully characterized. One is found in rod cells where it plays a role in visual signal transduction. It specifically binds to cGMP leading to an opening of the channel and thereby causing a depolarization of rod photoreceptors. In olfactory epithelium a similar, cAMP-binding, channel plays a role in odorant signal transduction.

There are six invariant amino acids in this domain, three of which are glycine residues that are thought to be essential for maintenance of the structural integrity of the β-barrel. We developed two signature patterns for this domain. The first pattern is located within β-barrels 2 and 3 and contains the first two conserved Gly. The second pattern is located within β-barrels 6 and 7 and contains the third conserved Gly as well as the three other invariant residues.