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PROSITE documentation PDOC00599
AP endonucleases family 2 signatures and profile


Description

Cellular DNA is spontaneously and continuously damaged by environmental and internal factors such as X-rays, UV light and agents such as the antitumor drugs bleomycin and neocarzinostatin or those that generate oxygen radicals. Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites form both spontaneously and as highly cytotoxic intermediates in the removal of the damaged base by the base excision repair (BER) pathway. DNA repair at the AP sites is initiated by specific endonuclease cleavage of the phosphodiester backbone. Such endonucleases are also generally capable of removing blocking groups from the 3'terminus of DNA strand breaks.

AP endonucleases can be classified into two families on the basis of sequence similarity and structure (cf. family 1 <PDOC00598>). What we call family 2 groups the enzymes listed below [1,2].

  • Bacterial endonuclease IV (gene nfo) (EC 3.1.21.2).
  • Fungal and Caenorhabditis elegans apurinic endonuclase APN1 (EC 4.2.99.18).
  • Dictyostelium endonuclease 4 homolog (EC 3.1.21.2).
  • Archaeal probable endonuclease 4 homologs (EC 3.1.21.2).
  • Mimivirus putative endonuclease 4 (EC 3.1.21.2).

APN1 and nfo have been shown to be transition metalloproteins that bind three zinc ions [3,4]. The metal-binding sites have been determined from the 3D-structure of Escherichia coli nfo [4,6,7], which shows an α/β-barrel fold (see <PDB:1QTW; A>) similar to that of other divalent metal-dependent TIM barrel enzymes (see <PDOC00155>), such as xylose isomerase (see <PDOC00156>).

We developed three signature patterns for this family of enzymes. The patterns are based on regions that contain conserved residues involved in zinc-binding. We also developed a profile that covers the entire AP endonuclease family 2 structure.

Last update:

February 2009 / Text revised; profile added.

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Technical section

PROSITE methods (with tools and information) covered by this documentation:

AP_NUCLEASE_F2_4, PS51432; AP endonucleases family 2 profile  (MATRIX)

AP_NUCLEASE_F2_1, PS00729; AP endonucleases family 2 signature 1  (PATTERN)

AP_NUCLEASE_F2_2, PS00730; AP endonucleases family 2 signature 2  (PATTERN)

AP_NUCLEASE_F2_3, PS00731; AP endonucleases family 2 signature 3  (PATTERN)


References

1AuthorsPopoff S.C. Spira A.I. Johnson A.W. Demple B.
TitleYeast structural gene (APN1) for the major apurinic endonuclease: homology to Escherichia coli endonuclease IV.
SourceProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:4193-4197(1990).
PubMed ID1693433

2AuthorsBarzilay G. Hickson I.D.
TitleStructure and function of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases.
SourceBioEssays 17:713-719(1995).
PubMed ID7661852

3AuthorsLevin J.D. Shapiro R. Demple B.
TitleMetalloenzymes in DNA repair. Escherichia coli endonuclease IV and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Apn1.
SourceJ. Biol. Chem. 266:22893-22898(1991).
PubMed ID1720775

4AuthorsHosfield D.J. Guan Y. Haas B.J. Cunningham R.P. Tainer J.A.
TitleStructure of the DNA repair enzyme endonuclease IV and its DNA complex: double-nucleotide flipping at abasic sites and three-metal-ion catalysis.
SourceCell 98:397-408(1999).
PubMed ID10458614

5AuthorsIshchenko A.A. Sanz G. Privezentzev C.V. Maksimenko A.V. Saparbaev M.
TitleCharacterisation of new substrate specificities of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae AP endonucleases.
SourceNucleic Acids Res. 31:6344-6353(2003).
PubMed ID14576322

6AuthorsIvanov I. Tainer J.A. McCammon J.A.
TitleUnraveling the three-metal-ion catalytic mechanism of the DNA repair enzyme endonuclease IV.
SourceProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104:1465-1470(2007).
PubMed ID17242363
DOI10.1073/pnas.0603468104

7AuthorsGarcin E.D. Hosfield D.J. Desai S.A. Haas B.J. Bjoras M. Cunningham R.P. Tainer J.A.
TitleDNA apurinic-apyrimidinic site binding and excision by endonuclease IV.
SourceNat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 15:515-522(2008).
PubMed ID18408731
DOI10.1038/nsmb.1414



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